How does cortisol influence glucose metabolism?

Cortisol plays a critical role in glucose metabolism primarily by promoting gluconeogenesis. This process occurs in the liver, where cortisol stimulates the conversion of non-carbohydrate substrates, such as amino acids and glycerol, into glucose. This action is particularly important during times of stress, fasting, or low carbohydrate intake, as it helps to maintain adequate blood glucose levels to ensure a continuous supply of energy to vital organs.

Cortisol's role in gluconeogenesis is part of a broader physiological response to stress and low energy availability. It effectively counters the effects of insulin, which primarily promotes glucose uptake and storage. By enhancing gluconeogenesis, cortisol ensures that glucose is available in the bloodstream to support critical functions during periods of increased demand or energy deficiency. This mechanism is vital for maintaining homeostasis.

Understanding cortisol's influence on glucose metabolism provides insight into how hormonal responses to stress can affect blood sugar levels and overall metabolic health.